CCNA Certification Exam Training: Passwords, Cisco Routers, And Network Security
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
CCNA certification is important, and so is securing our network's Cisco routers! To reflect the importance of network security, your CCNA certification exam is likely going to contain a few questions about the various passwords you can set on a Cisco router. Let's take a look at some of those passwords and when to apply them.
If the previous user has logged out of the router properly, you will see a prompt like this when you sit down at the router console:
R1 con0 is now available
Press RETURN to get started.
R1>
To get into enable mode, by default all I have to do is type "enable".
R1>enable
R1#
See how the prompt changed? By default, I can now run all the show and debug commands I want, not to mention entering global configuration mode and doing pretty much what I want. It just might be a good idea to password protect this mode! We do so with either the enable password command or the enable secret command. Let's use the enable password command first.
R1(config)#enable password dolphins
Now when I log out and then go back to enable mode - or try to - I should be prompted for the password "dolphins". Let's see what happens.
R1>enable
Password:
R1#
I was indeed prompted for a password. Cisco routers will not show asterisks or any other character when you enter a password; in fact, the cursor doesn't even move.
The problem with the enable password command is that the password will show in the configuration in clear text, making it easy for someone to look over your shoulder and note the password for future use, as shown below:
hostname R1
!
enable password dolphins
We could use the "service password-encryption" command to encrypt the enable password, but that will also encrypt all the other passwords in the Cisco router config. That's not necessarily a bad thing! Here's the effect of this command on the enable password we set earlier.
enable password 7 110D1609071A020217
Pretty effective encryption! However, if we want to have the enable password automatically encrypted, we can use the enable secret command. I'll use that command here to set this password to "saints", and note that I'm not removing the previous enable password.
R1(config)#enable secret saints
After removing the "service password-encryption" command, we're left with two enable mode passwords, and they appear in the Cisco router config like this:
enable password dolphins
enable secret 5 $1$kJB6$fPuVebg7uMnoj5KV4GUKI/
If we have two enable passwords, which one should we use to log into the router? Let's try the first password, "dolphins", first:
R1>enable
Password:
Password:
When you're prompted for the password a second time, you know you got it wrong the first time! Let's try "saints":
R1>enable
Password:
Password:
R1#
When both the enable secret and enable password commands are in use on a Cisco router, the enable secret password always takes precedence. "dolphins" didn't get us in, but "saints" did. That's valuable information for both the CCNA certification exam and real-world networks, because there's no worse feeling than typing a password at a Cisco router prompt and then getting another password prompt!
This is just one way to perform basic Cisco router security with passwords. We'll take a look at other methods in a future CCNA certification exam training tutorial!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com).
For his FREE seven-part course, “How To Pass The CCNA”, visit the website and sign up today! Daily free CCNA, CCNP, Network+, Security+, and A+ certification questions, too!
Friday, June 13, 2008
CCNA Certification Exam Training: Passwords, Cisco Routers, And Network Security
Cisco CCNA Certification Exam Training: Telnet, Passwords, and Privilege Levels
Cisco CCNA Certification Exam Training: Telnet, Passwords, and Privilege Levels by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
Your CCNA certification exam is likely going to contain questions about Telnet, an application-level protocol that allows remote communication between two networking devices. With Telnet use being as common as it is, you had better know the details of how to configure it in order to pass your CCNA exam and to work in real-world networks.
The basic concept is pretty simple - we want to configure R1, but we're at R2. If we telnet successfully to R1, we will be able to configure R1 if we've been given the proper permission levels. In this CCNA case study, R2 has an IP address of 172.12.123.2 and R1 an address of 172.12.123.1. Let's try to telnet from R2 to R1.
R2#telnet 172.12.123.1
Trying 172.12.123.1 ... Open
Password required, but none set
[Connection to 172.12.123.1 closed by foreign host]
This seems like a problem, but it's a problem we're happy to have. A Cisco router will not let any user telnet to it by default. That's a good thing, because we don't want just anyone connecting to our router! The "password required" message means that no password has been set on the VTY lines on R1. Let's do so now.
R1(config)#line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)#password baseball
A password of "baseball" has been set on the VTY lines, so we shouldn't have any trouble using Telnet to get from R2 to R1. Let's try that now.
R2#telnet 172.12.123.1
Trying 172.12.123.1 ... Open
User Access Verification
Password:
R1>
We're in, and placed into user exec mode. Let's say we want to configure a new IP address on the ethernet interface on R1. We'll now go into privileged exec mode....
R1>enable
% No password set
R1>
.. or maybe we won't! The default behavior of Telnet on a Cisco router is to place the incoming user into user exec mode, and require an enable password to allow that user into privileged exec mode! Right now, we can't configure anything on this router and even the show commands we would use are limited at best.
If we wanted to allow all telnetting users to be put into privileged exec mode immediately without being prompted for an enable password, the command privilege level 15 placed on the VTY lines will accomplish this.
R1(config)#line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)#privilege level 15
From R2, we'll telnet into R1 again.
R2#telnet 172.12.123.1
Trying 172.12.123.1 ... Open
User Access Verification
Password:
R1#
We were able to telnet in from R2 with the original password of "baseball", and even better, we were placed into privileged exec mode immediately!
You may or may not want to do this in real-world networks, though. If you want to assign privilege levels on an individual user basis, configure usernames and passwords and use the privilege 15 command in the actual username/password command itself to give this privilege levels to some users but not all.
R1(config)#username heidi password klum
R1(config)#username tim privilege 15 password gunn
Both users can telnet into the router, but the first user will be placed into user exec and challenged for the enable password to enter privileged exec mode. If there is no enable password, the user literally cannot get into privileged exec. The second user will be placed into privileged exec immediately after successfully authenticating.
Passwords on a Cisco router or switch are vitally important, and you're not tied down to granting "all-or-nothing" access. Knowing the details like the ones shown here help you tie down network security while allowing people to do their jobs - and it doesn't hurt to know this stuff for the CCNA exam, either!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com).
For his FREE seven-part course, “How To Pass The CCNA”, visit the website and sign up today! Daily free CCNA, CCNP, Network+, Security+, and A+ certification questions, too!
CCNA Cisco Certification Training Case Study: How Multiple Passwords Affect Router Access
CCNA Cisco Certification Training Case Study: How Multiple Passwords Affect Router Access
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
Your CCNA certification exam efforts must include practicing with different password types and knowing how to configure them on a Cisco router - but for CCNA exam success and to thrive in real-world networks, you also have to know how to examine a Cisco router configuration and determine the level of network security that is already present. After all, most routers you work with already have passwords set, and it's up to you to determine if those passwords are getting the job done.
Let's start with a telnet password. Telnet passwords are configured on the VTY lines, and no telnet access is enabled on a Cisco router by default. If you saw the following configuration, what would it mean?
line vty 0 4
privilege level 15
password baseball
login
That small Cisco router configuration means three things - first, Telnet access is enabled. Second, the password is baseball. Third, the "privilege level 15" command means that any user who attempts to Telnet to the router and knows the password will automatically be placed into privileged exec mode. (If that command were not present, the user would be placed into user exec and then prompted for the enable password before being allowed into privileged exec.)
You may not want to give that level of access to all incoming Telnet connections. If you walked into a client's router room and saw this configuration on a router, what would it mean to you?
username halas password 0 bears
username ewbank password 0 jets
username ed privilege 15 password 0 mcdaniel
line vty 0 4
login local
This configuration means three things as well. Each user attempting to telnet in will be prompted for both a username and password. Each individual user must enter the password that's been assigned to them. For example, the user "halas"would have to enter the password "bears" to successfully Telnet into this router. The command "login local" under the VTY lines means that this local database of usernames and passwords will be used for authentication.
Again, by default, users who are Telnetting in will be placed into user exec mode by default. Only users with "privilege 15" in the middle of their username / password definition will be placed into privileged exec immediately upon login.
Notice that zero in each of the username / password statements? I didn't enter that when I configured these statements. This number indicates the level of encryption the password is currently under; a zero is the lowest level of encryption, indicating that the passwords aren't encrypted at all. There's a single line near the top of a Cisco router configuration that tells you why.. which of these three is it?
service timestamps debug uptime
service timestamps log uptime
no service password-encryption
Simple enough! The password encryption service is off by default. To turn it on. just run the command service password-encryption. Let's do so here and then take a look at the configuration.
R1(config)#service password-encryption
username halas password 7 1415170A1E17
username ewbank password 7 070524585D
username ed privilege 15 password 7 082C4F4A08170C121E
Now that's what I call encryption! Note that the zero has changed to a "7" - that's the highest level of encryption on a Cisco router, and as you can see, it's very effective.
Knowing how to read a Cisco router configuration is a valuable skill for both the CCNA certification exam and working with production networks. Keep practicing, keep studying, and you'll have the coveted letters "CCNA" behind your name soon!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com).
For his FREE seven-part course, “How To Pass The CCNA”, visit the website and sign up today! Daily free CCNA, CCNP, Network+, Security+, and A+ certification questions, too!
Cisco CCNA Certification Exams Retiring In November - Get Certified Now!
Cisco CCNA Certification Exams Retiring In November - Get Certified Now!
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
If you’re working on the Cisco CCNA right now, or even thinking about it, there are changes coming to the CCNA program in November that you need to know about. No reason to worry, these changes are all good news for CCNA candidates.
And the first bit of good news is that you have plenty of time to take and pass the current CCNA exams. In this article, I will outline several advantages to taking the CCNA plunge now before these changes take effect.
The current CCNA exam (640-801) will not be phased out until November 6, which gives you more than enough time to get CCNA certified before then -- even if you haven’t started studying yet! Those of you who want to take the two-exam path to CCNA certification should know that the 640-811 ICND and 640-821 INTRO exams will be phased out on that same date.
Cisco’s taking the approach that the CCNA certification is no longer an entry-level certification, and this is a welcome change for CCNAs and CCNA candidates alike. I have been writing CCNA ebooks and teaching CCNA courses for several years, and I’ve always refused to call this an entry-level certification.
The new CCNA exam (640-802) looks to be even more demanding than the current exam, which is another reason to pick up the pace and get certified now! Here are just some of the new topics you’ll find on the 640-802 exam:
* Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
* Switch security
* IP Version 6
* Router security
* Virtual Private Networks
* Wireless routing and more
Add these to the topics already found on the current CCNA exam, and you can see that the new CCNA exam will be even more demanding than the current version.
If you choose the two-exam path for the CCNA certification after November 6, you’ll need to take two ICND exams – ICND 1 (640-822) and ICND 2 (640-816). This is much tougher than the current path because the INTRO exam will be a thing of the past after November 6! (Passing the ICND 1 exam will earn you the new Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician certification, Cisco’s new entry-level certification.)
The CCNA will be even more valuable with these changes, so again, even if you’ve even been thinking about earning the CCNA – now is the time!
The new CCNA exams will actually be available on August 1, but again, I want to emphasize that the current CCNA exams will be available through November 6. My advice to those who want to get CCNA certified before the change is to book your exam now, make sure you choose the right exam number – and get started studying!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com).
For his FREE seven-part course, “How To Pass The CCNA”, visit the website and sign up today! Daily free CCNA, CCNP, Network+, Security+, and A+ certification questions, too!
Cisco CCNA Certification Exam FAQ: Discussing 640-801 And 640-802
Cisco CCNA Certification Exam FAQ: Discussing 640-801 And 640-802
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
The prestigious Cisco CCNA certification is going to become even more prestigious later this year - and from all accounts, even more difficult! The current 640-801 exam will be phased out on November 6, giving candidates plenty of time to prepare for that exam. The new 640-802 exam is actually being introduced August 1, giving CCNA candidates an option as to which exam to take.
Naturally, CCNA candidates have a lot of questions regarding these changes. I've prepared this FAQ to answer the most common questions arriving in my email inbox. If your question isn't answered here, send it to me and your question just might be in the next FAQ!
Q: Should I stop studying for the 640-801 exam?
A: Absolutely not. Actually, this should help you accelerate your efforts! Cisco has been kind enough to keep the current exam around through November 6, so you have more than enough time to pass the current version. Also, while I'm sure there will be some 640-802 study tools available soon, you won't have a wide selection until later this year. Never delay your career progress or your studies - hit those books and pass the 640-801!
On a personal note, I've taken Cisco certification exams for almost a decade as well as taking exams from other vendors for about 14 years, and I've never been big on taking a brand-new exam. Some people like to do so, though- it's all a matter of personal preference.
Q. What's this I hear about another Cisco certification being offered?
A. Cisco no longer views the CCNA as an entry-level exam, and I think that's a fantastic change. I have personally taught and written CCNA materials for several years, and I have never considered the CCNA to be entry-level. When you're troubleshooting OSPF virtual links, you are not working at entry level!
Cisco does recognize the need for an entry-level certification, and that's why they've developed the CCENT (Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician) certification. I'll have more details on that in a future article, but earning the CCENT is not required to become a CCNA.
Q. Is there still going to be a one-exam path and a two-exam path to the CCNA?
A. Yes, and again, I expect it to be more difficult to earn either way. If you choose the two-exam path, you're actually going to take two ICND exams - ICND 1 (640-822) and ICND 2 (640-816). The INTRO exam for the current CCNA path will be phased out on November 6, along with the current ICND and CCNA exams. If you choose the two-exam path, passing the ICND 1 exam will make you a CCENT.
Q. Which topics will be dropped when the 640-801 exam is dropped?
A. Following the trend of other Cisco exams, the 640-802 exams will not test on ISDN. That's the only major topic I see so far that will be dropped. This exam isn’t getting any easier!
Q. Which topics will be added?
A. A *lot* of them. According to Cisco's CCNA exam blueprint, you can expect to see questions on Voice over IP, wireless, Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), SSH, and wireless security. This is an educated guess, but I'd expect to see even more on router and switch security as well.
Judging from that list, I expect the 640-802 CCNA exam to be even more challenging than the current version. Like I said, you have plenty of time to pass the current version! ;)
Don't see your question answered here? Send your CCNA question to chris@thebryantadvantage.com, and you just may see it answered in the next CCNA certification FAQ!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com).
For his FREE seven-part course, “How To Pass The CCNA”, visit the website and sign up today! Daily free CCNA, CCNP, Network+, Security+, and A+ certification questions, too!
Saturday, June 7, 2008
Cisco CCNA, CCENT, And CCNP Practice Exam Questions: Frame Maps, Admin Distance
Cisco CCNA, CCENT, And CCNP Practice Exam Questions: Frame Maps, Admin Distance, And More!
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
CCNA And CCENT Certification:
Regarding the following frame map statement, identify the true statements below.
frame map ip 172.1.1.2 211
A. The IP address belongs to the remote router.
B. The IP address belongs to the local router.
C. The DLCI belongs to the remote router.
D. The DLCI belongs to the local router.
E. The DLCI is not shown.
Answers: A, D. The IP address will always be that of the remote router, but the DLCI will always be that of the local router.
CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:
A route in your routing table is marked with the code "D EX". Which of the following protocols have a default AD lower than that of this route?
A. Internal EIGRP
B. External EIGRP
C. OSPF
D. ISIS
E. RIPv2
F. IGRP
G. RIPv1
Answers: A, C, D, E, F, G. This is an external EIGRP route, which will have a default AD of 170. The protocols in that list that have lower ADs are Internal EIGRP (90), OSPF (110), ISIS (115), RIPv1 and v2 (120), and IGRP (100).
CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:
Adjusting which of the following values will decrease BPDU traffic on your network?
A. Forward Delay
B. Max Age
C. Hello Time
D. MAC Address Aging
Answer: C. If you reduce the number of BPDUs sent, that will decrease the amount of them on the network, so adjusting them with Hello Time will do the job. This adjustment would have to be configured on the root bridge.
CCNP Certification / ISCW Exam:
Which of the following protocols and port numbers does IKE use?
A. TCP
B. UDP
C. 50
D. 51
E. 500
F. 501
G. 510
Answer: B, E. IKE uses UDP port 500.
CCNP Certification / ONT Exam:
Of the four basic types of delay, which of the following are considered "fixed delays"?
A. processing
B. queueing
C. propagation
D. serialization
Answers: C, D. Propagation and serialization delays are considered "fixed delays".
Look for more free CCNA, CCNP, and CCENT questions soon - only from The Bryant Advantage!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, and The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.
For a copy of his FREE "How To Pass The CCNA" or "CCNP" ebook, visit the website and download copies! Our new RSS feed gives you free Cisco questions and tutorials daily!
Cisco CCNA, CCENT, And CompTIA Network+ And Security+ Questions: Teardrop Attacks And OSPF
Cisco CCNA, CCENT, And CompTIA Network+ And Security+ Questions: Teardrop Attacks And OSPF
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
To help you in your preparation for your Cisco CCNA, CCENT, and CCNP exams, here are some free practice questions covering everything from OSPF to route redistribution. And for you Network+ and Security+ certification candidates, there are questions for you as well on the OSI model and SYN attacks. I'll be adding A+ certification questions in future articles.
Let's get started!
CCENT / Network+ Certification:
Does Layer 2 of the OSI model perform error detection, error correction, both, or neither?
Answer: The Data Link layer is capable of error detection, but not error correction.
Security+ Certification:
Briefly describe the purpose of a "SYN cookie".
Answer: One defense against SYN attacks, a SYN cookie verifies the client address before actually allocating resources to that client.
CCNA Certification:
What type of OSPF router is defined as "at least one interface in Area 0, and connecting other areas to Area 0"?
A. ASBR
B. ABR
C. Internal
D. Backbone
E. External
Answer: B. That's the textbook definition of an Area Border Router (ABR).
CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:
What term is used for the number "2" shown in the below commands?
R2(config)#router rip R2(config-router)#redistribute ospf 1 metric 2
A. distance
B. administrative distance
C. distance
D. variance
E. seed metric
F. process number
Answer: E. The "2" is the seed metric. The "1" in the redistribute statement is the OSPF process number whose routes are being redistributed into RIP.
CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:
In a typical Network Management block, what switch layers are represented?
A. Access
B. Distribution
C. Core
Answers: A, B. In addition to network management devices, both Access and Distribution switches will be found here.
Look for more free Cisco and CompTIA certification exam practice questions soon! Whether you’re working on your CCNA, CCENT, CCNP, Network+ or Security+ certification, there’s something for you here!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, and The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.
For a copy of his FREE "How To Pass The CCNA" or "CCNP" ebook, visit the website and download copies! Our new RSS feed gives you free Cisco questions and tutorials daily!
CCNA, CCENT, Network+, Security+ Practice Questions: EIGRP, Teardrop Attacks
CCNA, CCENT, Network+, Security+ Practice Questions: EIGRP, Teardrop Attacks, And More!
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
To help you in your preparation for your Cisco CCNA, CCENT, and CCNP exams, here are some free practice questions covering everything from EIGRP to the OSI model. And for you Network+ and Security+ certification candidates, there are questions for you as well on the OSI model and teardrop attacks. I’ll be adding A+ certification questions in future articles. Let’s get started!
CCNA 640-802 Exam:
By default, what values are considered by EIGRP when computing a path's metric?
A. bandwidth
B. hop count
C. delay
D. load
E. reliability
F. MTU
Answers: A, C. EIGRP considers bandwidth and delay by default in its route calculations.
Cisco CCENT / CompTIA Network+ Certification:
Which layer of the OSI model is generally recognized as the "management layer"?
Answer: The Session layer.
CompTIA Security+ Certification:
Briefly describe the term "teardrop attack".
Answer: IP fragments with large payloads are the method of attack. Issues with the TCP fragmentation reassembly code of Windows NT, 96, and 3.1x (among others) created this opening.
CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:
A non-Cisco router will consider what value first during the BGP best path selection process?
A. AS_PATH
B. origin
C. MED
D. weight
E. LOCAL_PREF
F. aggregator
Answer: E. On a Cisco router, weight is the first consideration. However, weight is a Cisco-proprietary BGP attribute. A non-Cisco router will consider LOCAL_PREF first.
CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:
Short answer: How can you change the speed and duplex of multiple ports with one command?
Answer: Use the interface range command to configure multiple ports at one time.
CCNP Certification / ISCW Exam:
Which of the following queueing strategies gives priority to interactive, low-bandwidth communications?
A. FIFO
B. PQ
C. CQ
D. DQ
E. WFQ
Answer: E. That's what Weighted Fair Queueing (WFQ) does!
I’ll see you soon with more Cisco and CompTIA practice questions!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, and The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.
For a copy of his FREE "How To Pass The CCNA" or "CCNP" ebook, visit the website and download copies! Our new RSS feed gives you free Cisco questions and tutorials daily!
CCNA, CCENT, Network+, And Security+ Questions: MAC Addresses, VTP
CCNA, CCENT, Network+, And Security+ Questions: MAC Addresses, VTP, And More!
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
Let’s test your knowledge of important Cisco and CompTIA certification exam topics!
CCNA / CCENT / Network+ Exam:
A switch receives a frame with a unicast destination MAC, but the switch does not have an entry for that MAC in its bridging table. What term describes the default action of the switch?
A. flood
B. filter
C. unicast
D. drop
E. unicast
Answer: A. The frame will be "flooded" - that is, sent out every port except the one it came in on.
Security+ Certification Exam:
A potential network intruder calls a helpdesk and pretends to be an employee of the company in an attempt to get that employee’s password. What kind of network attack is this?
Answer: This is a social engineering attack.
CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:
Fill in the blank: ISIS assigns redistributed routes a metric of ____________.
Answer: ISIS assigns redistributed routes a metric of 0.
CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:
A VTP switch has a revision number of 5. This switch receives a VTP advertisement with a revision number of 6. What action(s) will this switch take?
A. The switch will accept the advertisement.
B. The switch will reject the advertisement.
C. The switch will increment its revision number.
D. The switch will decrement its revision number.
Answers: A, C. The VTP switch will accept the advertisement; since the revision number of the ad is higher than its own, the advertisement is more recent. The switch will then increment its revision number by one.
CCNP Certification / ISCW Exam:
Which of the following queueing methods poses the greatest threat of TCP Global Synchronization?
A. CBWFQ
B. PQ
C. RED
D. WRED
Answer: A. CBWFQ uses Tail Drop as its default method of packet drop. In turn, Tail Drop can lead to TCP Global Synchronization.
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, and The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.
For a copy of his FREE "How To Pass The CCNA" or "CCNP" ebook, visit the website and download copies! Our new RSS feed gives you free Cisco questions and tutorials daily!
Cisco CCNA,CCNP,CCENT,and CompTIA Network+ And Security+ Questions: VLANs,SYN Attacks
Cisco CCNA,CCNP,CCENT,and CompTIA Network+ And Security+ Questions: VLANs,SYN Attacks,And More!
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
Let’s test your knowledge of important topics such as SYN attacks and VLANs for your Cisco CCNA, CCNP, and CCENT exams, as well as the CompTIA Security+ and Network+ certification exams!
CCNA / CCENT / CompTIA Network+ Certification:
Host A and Host B are in the same VLAN. Host C and Host D are in a different VLAN. Host A sends a broadcast. How many other hosts will receive it?
A. Zero
B. One
C. Two
D. Three
Answer: B. The other host in the same VLAN, Host B, will receive it. Broadcasts are not forwarded to other VLANs.
Security+ Certification:
Briefly describe a "SYN attack".
Answer: The intruder will generate a series of SYN requests, and the soon-to-be-victimized network device sends a SYN-ACK in response. The device then waits for an ACK, but that never comes. These unfinished connections result in the network device not being able to accept SYN request from legitimate network hosts, since its buffers will be overwhelmed with the false (and unfinished) requests.
CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:
If an IPv6 address begins with "FF", what type of address is it?
A. broadcast
B. unicast
C. multicast
D. MACcast
Answer: C. That's a multicast. There's no such thing as a MACcast. But there should be. ;)
CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:
Short answer: What interface-level command takes a port operating at L3 and places it into L2 operating mode?
Answer: switchport. To change the port back to a routed port, use no switchport.
CCNP Certification / ISCW Exam:
Short answer: You're going to write a policy map that will be applied to a Serial interface running at T1 speed. By default, how much bandwidth can you assign in that policy?
Answer: The speed of a T1 line is 1544 kbps, but by default only 75% of that bandwidth can be distributed in a policy map - that's 1158 kbps (1544 * .75).
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com/), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, and The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.
For a copy of his FREE "How To Pass The CCNA" or "CCNP" ebook, visit the website and download copies! Our new RSS feed gives you free Cisco questions and tutorials daily!
Friday, June 6, 2008
Cisco CCNA And CCNP Practice Questions: Hex Conversions, Static Routes
Cisco CCNA And CCNP Practice Questions: Hex Conversions, Static Routes
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
Let’s test your knowledge of important Cisco certification exam topics with these CCNA, CCENT, and CCNP questions!
CCENT and CCNA Certification:
You want to create a static route that will send packets out the ethernet0 interface on your local router if there is no other match for the actual destination in the routing table. What command will create such a route?
Answer: The ip route command is used to create a default static route, such as the one needed here. The syntax:
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 ethernet0
CCNA Certification:
Short answer: The binary string 11010101, converted to hex, equals ____________ .
Answer: That string converts to the decimal 213, which converts to the hex value D5, or d5.
CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:
Short answer: What LSA type is generated by an ABR and describe inter-area links?
Answer: Type 3 LSAs are generated by ABRs and describe inter-area routes.
CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:
While visiting a client's network, you notice that VLAN 25 is configured as the native VLAN. No hosts are actually in VLAN 25, though. What kind of network attack does this guard against?
Answer: This is one method of preventing VLAN hopping, specifically a double tagging attack.
CCNP Certification / ONT Exam:
Which of the following QoS models uses PHB?
A. Integrated Services
B. Differentiated Services
C. Distributed Services
D. Best Effort Delivery
Answer: B. Differentiated Services uses Per-Hop Behavior (PHB), rather than create a reserved path in advance of transmission, as Integrated Services does.
CCNP Certification / ISCW Exam:
Identify the true statements.
A. A CLI session is 10 minutes by default.
B. A CLI session is 20 minutes by default.
C. A CLI session has no default length.
D. A CLI session's duration can be changed.
E. A CLI session's duration is fixed in length and cannot be changed.
Answers: A, D. A CLI session is 10 minutes by default and can be changed with the exec-timeout command.
Look for more free Cisco exam practice questions on this same website soon!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com/ ), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, and The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.
For free daily CCNA, CCNP, CCENT, Network+, Security+, and A+ questions, just visit the website and sign up for the daily newsletter!
Cisco CCNA / CCNP Certification Practice Questions: Routers, Switches, Frame Relay
Cisco CCNA / CCNP Certification Practice Questions: Routers, Switches, Frame Relay
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
Let’s test your knowledge of the OSI model, frame relay, and other important topics for your Cisco certification exams!
CCENT Certification:
Identify the devices that run at the bottom layer of the OSI model.
A. router
B. switch
C. hub
D. wireless access point
E. repeater
Answers: C, E. Both hubs and repeaters run at Layer 1 of the OSI model, the Physical layer.
CCNA Certification Exam:
Identify the frame relay encapsulation options.
A. Cisco (default)
B. IETF (default)
C. ANSI (default)
D. Cisco
E. IETF
F. ANSI
Answer: A, E. The encapsulation options are cisco and ietf, and cisco is the default.
CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:
Short answer: What LSA type indicates the location of the ASBR?
Answer: Type 4 LSAs indicate the route to the ASBR.
CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:
Which of the following is true of the "collapsed core" design?
A. There is no dedicated core switch.
B. There is no dedicated distribution-layer switch.
C. There is no dedicated access-layer switch.
D. A single switch will handle the tasks of all three of these layers.
Answers: A, B. The term "collapsed core" refers to the middle two layers of the Cisco three-layer switching model - core and distribution - running on the same physical switches.
CCNP Certification / ISCW Exam:
Short answer: What term is given to the network attack that occurs when an intruder gathers information in preparation for a larger attack in the future?
Answer: That is a network reconnaissance attack.
CCNP Certification / ONT Exam:
Short answer: WRED uses one of what two values in order to make a decision on what traffic to drop in case of network congestion?
Answer: WRED can use the DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) or IP Precedence values to make this decision.
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com/ ), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, and The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.
For free daily CCNA, CCNP, CCENT, Network+, Security+, and A+ questions, just visit the website and sign up for the daily newsletter!
Cisco CCNA, CCENT, And CCNP Home Lab Study: The DTE/DCE Cable
Cisco CCNA, CCENT, And CCNP Home Lab Study: The DTE/DCE Cable
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
More Cisco CCNA, CCENT, and CCNP candidates than ever before are putting together their own home labs for their certification exam study, and that's a great trend - there's nothing like learning on the real thing!
Part of putting a home lab together is getting the right cables and understanding their usage. In this new Cisco home lab series, we'll take a look at the different cable types and how each fits into your home lab. The first cable type we'll look at is the multi-purpose DTE/DCE cable.
When I say "multi-purpose", I mean that while the cable will always perform the same task, it can be used in several different points in your home lab network. If you're going to have a frame relay switch - and you should get one if at all possible, since having your own frame relay cloud is a tremendous boost to your home lab studies and your exam score - you're going to need a DTE/DCE cable.
You can also use a DTE/DCE cable to directly connect two Cisco router serial interfaces and configure HDLC (the default) or PPP encapsulation over that point-to-point link.
Most of today's DTE/DCE cables have "DTE" clearly stamped on one end of the cable - actually, "DTE" is probably embedded into the connector itself. Naturally, the other end will have "DCE" clearly indicated. It's the DCE end that will connect to your frame relay switch. If you're going to use a direct connection to run PPP or HDLC, it almost doesn't matter which end of the cable is connected to a given router.
Keyword: "almost". You must use the clockrate command on the DCE end of the connection in order to bring the line protocol up.
If you're not sure which end of your DTE/DCE cable is connected to a given serial interface, just use the show controller serial command to get that information. Most of the output of that command isn't comprehensible, but what we need is right on top:
R3#show controller serial 1 HD unit 1, idb = 0x11B4DC, driver structure at 0x121868 buffer size 1524 HD unit 1, V.35 DCE cable
Naturally, if it's the DTE end, you'll see "DTE" there. And if you don't have anything connected to that interface, you'll see "no cable".
Whether you have your own frame relay switch or not, you'll want to pick up some DTE/DCE cables for direct connections between your Cisco home lab router's serial interfaces. Just don't forget to put the clockrate command on the DCE end of the cable! And if you're not familiar with a frame relay switch, check this same website soon for a tutorial that will show you how to set one up.
Just about any Cisco router can serve as a home lab frame relay switch, and once you've got it configured, you're in good shape - but it can be a little maddening to get it up and running in the first place. I'll show you how to avoid that aggravation in the next installment of this Cisco home lab tutorial series!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com/ ), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, and The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.
For free daily CCNA, CCNP, CCENT, Network+, Security+, and A+ questions, just visit the website and sign up for the daily newsletter!
Cisco CCNA, CCENT, CCNP, And CompTIA Questions: HSRP, OSPF Cost, Route Summarization,
Cisco CCNA, CCENT, CCNP, And CompTIA Questions: HSRP, OSPF Cost, Route Summarization,
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
Let's test your knowledge of important CCNA, CCENT, CCNP, and Network+ exam topics!
CCNA Certification:
The term used for an OSPF path metric is ____________ .
Extra credit: What formula does OSPF use to calculate that metric?
Answer: OSPF's metric is referred to as cost, and the calculation is 100,000,000 / interface speed in bps.
Cisco CCENT / CompTIA Network+ Question:
Which of the following do TCP and UDP headers have in common?
A. sequence number
B. source port
C. source IP address
D. window
E. destination port
F. destination IP address
G. ACK bit
H. reset bit
Answer: B, E. In addition to the source port and destination port numbers, the UDP and TCP headers also have a checksum field in common.
CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:
In ISIS, what is the most efficient point of a network at which to perform route summarization?
A. An L1 router.
B. An L2 router.
C. An L1/L2 router.
D. A DIS router.
Answer: C. L1/L2 routers are area boundary routers in ISIS, and this is the most efficient point at which to configure route summarization
CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:
Short answer: An HSRP router is the primary router and it has a priority of 100. Another router comes online in the same group and it has a priority of 107. Does the new router become the primary? If so, why? If not, what additional configuration is needed to make it the primary?
Answer. By default, the new router with the higher priority will not become the primary router. To allow a router with a higher priority to take over the role of HSRP primary from an existing and normally functioning primary, the preempt option must be configured on the router with the higher priority.
Let's use a two-router HSRP deployment as an example. R2 is the standby, R3 is the primary ("active"), and both have an HSRP priority of 100. Raising R2's priority to 150 does not automatically make it the primary, as shown below.
R2(config)#interface ethernet0
R2(config-if)#standby 5 priority 150
R2#show standby
Ethernet0 - Group 5
Local state is Standby, priority 150
Hellotime 4 sec, holdtime 12 sec Next hello sent in 0.896
Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured
Active router is 172.12.23.3, priority 100 expires in 8.072
Standby router is local 1 state changes, last state change 00:14:24
R2 now has a higher priority, but R3 is still the active router. R2 will not take over as the HSRP primary until R3 goes down - OR the preempt option is configured on R2.
R2(config-if)#standby 5 priority 150 preempt
1d11h: %STANDBY-6-STATECHANGE: Ethernet0 Group 5 state Standby -> Active
R2#show standby
Ethernet0 - Group 5
Local state is Active, priority 150, may preempt
Hellotime 4 sec, holdtime 12 sec Next hello sent in 1.844
Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured
Active router is local
Standby router is 172.12.23.3 expires in 10.204
Virtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac05 2 state changes, last state change 00:00:13
That's enough for today! Look for more free Cisco and CompTIA certification exam questions on this website soon! A+ certification and Microsoft Vista certification practice questions are on the way as well!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com/ ), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, and The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.
For free daily CCNA, CCNP, CCENT, Network+, Security+, and A+ questions, just visit the website and sign up for the daily newsletter!
CCNA, CCENT, Network+, And Security+ Practice Questions: TCP, UDP, Smurf Attacks
CCNA, CCENT, Network+, And Security+ Practice Questions: TCP, UDP, Smurf Attacks
by: Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
Let’s test your knowledge of UDP, TCP, smurf attacks, EIGRP, and more with these questions designed to help you prepare for success on your CCENT, CCNA, CCNP, Network+, and Security+ certification exams!
CCENT Certification / Network+ Certification:
Which of the following protocols runs on both UDP and TCP?
A. DHCP
B. SNMP
C. DNS
D. ARP
E. Inverse ARP
Answer: C. DNS runs on port 53, both on TCP and UDP.
Security+ Certification:
Briefly define the term "smurf attack". (Not too briefly, though!)
Answer: Basically, a smurf attack involves sends ICMP Echo packets (pings) with the intended victim's IP address specified as the source of the Echo packets. This transmission takes the form of a directed broadcast, which means that quite a few hosts can receive it - and then respond with ICMP Echo Replies, which will all be sent to the intended victim.
CCNA Exam:
R1 and R3 are directly connected at their respective Serial1 interfaces via a DTE/DCE cable. What command will tell you whether the interface is connected to the DTE or DCE end of the cable?
Answer: Run show controller serial 1 on either router - the DTE / DCE information is near the top of the output.
CCNP Certification / BSCI Exam:
DUAL has discovered four possible paths to a remote network, with the following metrics: PathA, 1500. PathB, 1500. PathC, 2600. PathD, 3100. What command will allow EIGRP to use the first three paths without using the fourth?
Answer: variance 2 would do the job. Any path with a metric of 3000 or lower will be utilized; setting it to 3 would bring PathD into the equation.
CCNP Certification / BCMSN Exam:
What is the main purpose of IEEE 802.3ac?
Answer: The IEEE 802.3ac standard allows the maximum frame length to be extended to 1522 bytes, which means the dot1q 4-byte header doesn't cause problems in transmission.
CCNP Certification / ONT Exam:
Which queueing strategy gives priority to interactive, low-bandwidth communications by default?
Answer: Weighted Fair Queueing (WFQ) gives priority to interactive, low-bandwidth conversations, and then splits the remaining bandwidth fairly among the remaining conversations.
Look for a new set of Cisco and CompTIA certification exam questions soon!
About The Author
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com/ ), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials, and The Ultimate CCNA and CCNP Study Packages.
For a copy of his FREE "How To Pass The CCNA" or "CCNP" ebook, visit the website and download copies! Our new RSS feed gives you free Cisco questions and tutorials daily!
Monday, June 2, 2008
Where to Find Writing Jobs Online
Where to Find Writing Jobs Online
by: Abdallah Khamis Abdallah
A freelance writer’s best resource of finding jobs online are Job boards or sites. While some boards are geared specifically to the freelancer, many others also list other type of jobs.
Some job boards allow freelancers to register their profiles and credentials for prospective employers to peruse, others allow resumes and classified ads to be posted. Other sites such as http://www.elance.com/ enable employers to post jobs and freelancers to bid fees for the jobs. The site earns a place for any jobs awarded. There are other sites similar to http://www.elance.com/ such as http://www.contractedwork.com/.
There are many writing job boards online and it is not that difficult to discover them. Some Jobs boards provide links to other job sites and the list could be a bit long.
Searching through the major search engines can also provide an exhaustive list of writing jobs.
Use key words such as:
Freelance writing Jobs boards Writers Wanted Writing Jobs Copywriting Jobs Technical writing Jobs Submission guidelines. To make your task of searching for writing jobs online, we have provided you with the following list of sites. We hope you will find what you want.
http://www.emoonlighter.com/
http://www.burryman.com/freelance.html
http://www.recruitmedia.co.uk/jobs.asp
http://www.freelanceexperts.com/
http://www.copyeditorjobs.com/
http://www.journalismjobs.com/
http://www.freelanceworkexchange.com/
http://www.writergazette.com/jobboard.shtml
http://www.freelancejobsearch.com/
http://www.mediajobsearchcanada.com/
http://www.csne.org/jobs/postings.html
If you have checked the above sites a number of times in two or three months and you have not got any job. I suggest you assess your skills and consider taking some relevant writing courses. You may also supplement these with a college degree in a relevant field to enhance your marketability. While doing so do some writing exercises and write articles on a wide variety of topics and post them on to articles submission sites online.
About The Author
Abdallah Khamis Abdallah is a freelance copywriter and ghostwriter. To learn more about how you and your business can benefit from viral and credibility marketing solutions visit his website at: http://www.qualitywritingsolutions.com/. quantumpro@lycos.com
Jobs Online Offer Great Employment Options
Jobs Online Offer Great Employment Options
by: Mark Chigein
Virtual Jobs - A Great Alternative To Working In An Office
Jobs create income needed to live and enjoy life but they also bring frustration. Ask yourself if you enjoy waking up on Monday mornings? Does your boss appreciate the work you do? If you can do simple computer skills, why not take advantage of many exciting online jobs available today.
The Internet opened up the possibility to work virtually. Many jobs no longer require you to physically show up at the office. The technology available today allows you to perform many of the same task from your home. Your present employer may offer these type of jobs
Finding these jobs is easier than you think. Start with your current employer. You can also find online jobs doing a search on the Internet. Try searching for virtual jobs, home employment and work at home moms. Keep refining your search and soon you'll a discover a treasure of available employment online.
Applying for online jobs is no different than applying for any other job. Is your resume up to date? What about your interviewing skills? You may need to brush up on them. Your interview will be conducted over the phone and by email. Take the time to prepare as your search the jobs for your vocation.
Think about the commute and all the expenses like gas, lunches and clothing associated with outside the home jobs. The elimination of those expenses can provide you with enough motivation to finish your work on a timely basis. This also means the income derived from virtual jobs goes much further.
Experience the freedom many moms enjoy when working jobs from their home. They get the best of both worlds. Maintaining an income while spending time with their children. Today's technology and the Internet produced great changes the jobs market.
About The Author
Mark Chigein is the manager of FMT Jobs , a company which is dedicated to being the number one resource directory for jobs. To learn more go to FMT Jobs http://www.fmtjobs.com/.
Why Paid Online Surveys are Popular as Work at Home Jobs.
Why Paid Online Surveys are Popular as Work at Home Jobs.
by: Kanaga Siva
The enormous growth of the Internet during the last few years has spawned several new Internet Based Business activities and at the same time benefited several others. One activity that has benefited from this boom is without doubt Paid Online Surveys.
Today many aspirants looking out for a Home Based Job or Work at Home Jobs often think of Paid Online Surveys first. The perception that this is a quick and easy way to earn money propels aspirants towards Paid Online surveys. Very often this is their first step in their foray into the Internet Business world. Let us see how far their presumption is correct.
No need for Special Skills:
The main reason for the popularity is that you don't need any special skills to do Paid online surveys. You are required to express your opinion for the questions asked or statements made. It is Your Opinion that matters.
Secondly to enroll and participate you should have a computer with access to the internet. That's it. Can there be anything simpler?
Easy to Join:
Thousands of companies spend millions of dollars every year to conduct Paid Online Surveys and reward the participants by awarding them either cash, gifts, or points which could later be redeemed for cash. Identifying these companies and contacting them becomes a real hassle and takes a lot of your time and energy.
There are, On the other hand organizations that have a data base of 250 to 450 companies in their network that conduct paid online surveys. It is much easier to register yourself with these paid online survey database companies and gain access to these companies by paying a one time fee of $25 to $35. Your membership will normally include tips, updates and bonuses. After registering you should now pick and choose the companies you would like to receive online surveys from, and register yourself with these companies individually. No further payment is necessary and before long you will start receiving surveys in your inbox.
It is here that you have to be cautious. There are many database companies in the internet that are unreliable and are scams. There are also several companies that are reliable, dependable and customer oriented, e.g. Survey Platinum, Survey Scout, Survey Junction, Paid online Surveys and Get Cash for Surveys.You should identify and register with such paid online survey database companies.
Income:
One of the reasons for the popularity of paid online surveys is that you can earn a reasonable amount of income as a work at home job. Payments vary from company to company. Generally the companies pay anything between $10 and $75 per survey. On the average a participant can earn about $25 per survey and these surveys will take about 10 to 20 minutes per survey. On the other hand substantial amounts of up to $200 per hour can be earned by participating in Focus groups which could take anything from two hours to a full day. The more number of surveys and Focus Groups you participate in, the more income you can get.
If you aspire to make this a main source of income and are prepared to devote several hours a day on this, it is advisable to register with more paid online survey database companies. This way you will be able to have a better choice of companies and focus groups and ensure that your home based job is a success.
Work any time-You are the Boss:
Another reason for the popularity of Online Surveys as a work at home job is that you could do the survey at anytime most convenient to you. You can schedule your house work so that you can slot in the surveys, since the surveys don't take much time. The surveys of course have to be completed before the stipulated date.
Anyone can Participate:
Since the online survey companies need the opinions from a wide spectrum of participants everyone irrespective of age or sex has an opportunity in enrolling and participating in surveys e.g. Students, stay-at-home moms, senior citizens, retirees and persons with special needs. Hence the popularity of paid online surveys among the vast cross- section of internet users worldwide.
Expressing your Opinion and having Fun:
Everyone loves to be heard. Everyone loves to give his opinion. Online surveys give you that great experience. Guess what? You get paid for your opinion. It gives you a chance to express your opinion on the consumer products that you use everyday. It also gives you a chance to test new products and technologies and express your sincere opinion. You soon begin to realize the intricacies of market research and enjoy viewing products from completely new angles and perspectives that you never ever knew existed. Your work at home job soon becomes a fun and rewarding job.
Making tons of money or amassing great wealth by doing online surveys as a work at home job is just not possible. On the other hand it is definitely possible to get a steady reasonable income or additional income that can keep many a stay-at-home parent, student, retiree or senior citizen really happy. The pay checks that you receive on a regular basis will be an indicator of what the internet holds for you if you have a desire to Work at Home or do a Home Based Job.
About The Author
Copyright © 2005 Kanaga Siva.
Kanaga Siva has a wealth of experience in Marketing and also running his own Home Based Business. He now operates his Internet Marketing Business. Visit his website http://www.business-fromhome.com/ for Articles, Resources, Ideas and Advise to start a Home Based Business and enroll for his Free Newsletter.
Jobs Online :: How To Get Your Computer to Work For YOU!
Jobs Online :: How To Get Your Computer to Work For YOU!
by: Eric Roberts
Ever since you first got your computer and plugged it in - you've probably been "at its mercy" - trying to learn a new language of terms and acronyms. You've probably spent a lot of time just "trying to get stuff to work." Well, now it's time for your computer to return the favor!
I wish I could tell you that I have discovered some "magic pill" - some "secret formula" - some "instant wealth" secrets. The fact is, those things just don't exist. What does exist and what does work is inspiration, willingness to do some work, and the desire to try something that is outside of your traditional "comfort zone."
There are all kinds of different ways to make money online. Both with or without your own website.
You don't have to spend a ton of money, either. There is lots and lots of information out on the web about different techniques people have used to become a success marketing products and services over the Internet. I should know - I've probably bought literally 1/2 of them over the years!
Add to the mix the fact that the Internet landscape is changing all the time - while about 85% of the information about it doesn't. There are some basic concepts and ideas that are universal to making money (or marketing products or services) - things that can be applied to both offline and online business.
However, the simple mechanics of HOW to get things going on the Internet, or how to make some money without having to deal with your own website - that's another matter entirely. Because of the sheer number of people that would like to "tell their boss to shove it" and make money from their computer - there are a lot of people who are in things for the "quick buck" and don't really care as long as they get their money.
Unfortunately, it's the people who are looking for some guidance or ideas on how the process works that get "sucked in" and waste a lot of time and money just trying to get their bearings in the first place.
To help end some of the confusion - I've written a FREE eBook called "Jobs Online :: How To Get Your Computer to Work For YOU". This is an easy read, and it lists resources and links to give you an idea of what is available and what kinds of options are out there for making money online. You download the free eBook from: http://www.1clicktraining.com/ - in the "FREE Resources" section.
As the saying goes "Rome wasn't built in a day." The same is true with making money online. However, once you know what you're going to do - you need to follow through and execute it. If you just read and read and read and never take any action - no amount of ideas will ever help you to actually succeed online. Here's to your success!
About The Author
Eric Roberts is an internet entrepreneur that has founded a number of sites helping people get more done in less time including http://www.1clicktraining.com/. Check out his blog at http://newbienerds.blogspot.com/.
How To Effective Search for Jobs Online
How To Effective Search for Jobs Online
by: Mars W. Mosqueda Jr.
Gone where the days when you have to go from one office to another, or climb seemingly endless stairs in a corporate building hoping to get a job. With the advent of Internet technology, searching for jobs has become an easy, comfortable task.
If you already have an electronic copy of your CV and cover letter, sit down in front of your computer and start your search online. But before you do that, here are some points to remember when looking for jobs online.
SEARCH ENGINES
Most companies nowadays have website or are connected online. This means most of their job vacancies are also posted on line. If you know how to use the search engine well in your search, finding the perfect job will be very easy.
There are several excellent search engines online aside from Google. Vivisimo.com and alltheweb.com may not be at par with Google but for sure they are second bests. Using different search engines could sometimes (not really very often!) could lead to different results so it will be best to try searching for jobs in other engines.
USE SPECIFIC KEYWORDS
If you want to work as Computer Programmer, use “Computer Programming Jobs” or “Computer Programmer Jobs” as your keywords. It makes a difference as against using “Computer Jobs” or “IT Jobs”. Try typing the keywords in the search box and you will see different results. The first set of keywords as being more specific. So if you are looking for writing jobs in Singapore, typing “Writing jobs” will not be as effective as using “Writing Jobs Singapore”.
USE JOB SITES
There are a lot of legitimate websites that posts legitimate job vacancies. http://www.pinoyworks.com/ and http://www.worksgalore.com/ are excellent examples of job sites online.
BE WARY OF DATES
Some job vacancies online may be outdated because webmasters failed to delete them from the site even as the position has been filled up. Observe carefully the dates of posting and expiry dates to ensure that the vacancies are still available. If no dates are included, begin your cover letter with question on whether or not the posted job is still available.
BE CAREFUL WITH YOUR DOCUMENTS
Sometimes, because of the ease of ‘cut and paste’ method, we tend to forget that the HRD name in our letter has not been changed even if the letter is sent to other companies. Whoa! Would you expect an invitation for interview from Company A when what you mentioned in your letter is the name of the Manager of Company B? Be careful with this.
BE RESPONSIBLE
Apply only to jobs that you are really are interested in. Sending out application letters online just for the sake of applying is discourteous and unethical. Make sure also that you are qualified for the job that you are applying to avoid hassle in the future.
Most importantly, use your common sense when using the Internet in your job search. Several scammers and fraudsters are lurking online waiting for victims. When someone asks for a fee in exchange of your application, immediately report the scam to authorities.
About The Author
Mars W. Mosqueda Jr. is an online staffing and personnel management expert. While working as online personnel and hiring consultant for various companies around the world, he also runs http://www.worksgalore.com/ - an international jobs site and http://www.pinoyworks.com/ - a local job searching site. Mars can be reached at admin@pinoyworks.com
Work from Home Online Jobs
Work from Home Online Jobs
by: Roger Broggi-Garcia
There are a great number of possibilities when it comes to work from home online jobs. There are numerous different freelance opportunities, including but not limited to:
• Data Entry,
• Graphic Design,
• Photography,
• Transcription
• Writing.
Each and every one of these work from home online jobs can be researched and then carried out entirely on line.
One of the most common work from home online jobs is that of participating in online surveys. With surveys you may choose from dozens of companies that will compensate you in one form or another. If you only have a short time each day and are just looking for a minor supplement to your income by working from home online, then there are short surveys with modest compensation available. If you have time to kill because you are nearly always home you might well choose to select to participate with dozens of companies. Some with substantial payouts. Some will pay you x-amount of dollars for taking a survey if you qualify. If you don’t qualify for that particular survey you will still be entered into a drawing or receive redeemable points.
One particularly reputable survey is the Carol Adams NFO MySurvey. This survey allows you to participate with meaningful input into areas important to most of us such as health and new product information. You earn a given number of points for each survey you qualify to participate in. After accumulating a certain number of points you may:
Turn them in for cash
Choose from merchandise or gift cards from a large number of retailers
Buy raffle tickets for large prizes and simply by participating you are entered into a daily drawing for prizes for the day you participated.
Donate points to charity
This particular survey offering is open to just about anyone. Who is selected to participate will depend on the demographics the company commissioning the survey wishes to target.
There are so many survey companies out there that allow you to do work at home online that it is almost unbelievable. The fact is, unless you have hours per day to devote to surveys, you might have to turn down several companies.
While Mysurvey.com is open to most anyone working from home online, there are others that are very specifically targeted toward specific demographic groups. Some surveys will want information that is:
• Hispanic oriented
• African American oriented
• Based on sexual orientation
• Religious background
• Likely voters whether: democrat, independent, or republican
• Senior citizen oriented
Essentially if you want to earn money for work at home online, you simply need to determine how much time you have to devote, how much you want to make and then starting answering those questions. If you start to get e-mails that look like either or surveys: Coke or Pepsi, McDonald’s or Burger King, IGNORE them. Over a period of time you will learn what companies you are comfortable working with and which ones you consider to be worth your time. So go ahead and start earning money online.
About The Author
Roger Broggi-Garcia is a work from home business expert. Roger’s views and ideas are published regularly on http://www.employment911.com/
Some of the Best Work from Home Online Jobs
Some of the Best Work from Home Online Jobs
by: Craig Murdock
Writing is one of the best work from home online jobs. Why? Simply put because there is so much of it to be done. There are always numerous entities out there searching for people who want work from home online jobs. Face it; being able to work at home is mighty nice. It means you don’t have to deal with rush hour traffic, pay large gasoline or other commuting bills. You can get up later, to a large extent set your own schedule of what works best for you.
What this does not mean is that just because someone offers work from home online jobs, that said person(s) is trustworthy. Unfortunately, just as in many other sectors of our society, there are those online who would gladly scam you into doing large writing projects for them and then conveniently disappear after you’ve completed the work and turned it in for payment. Thus, these people end up sticking you with a lot of wasted energy and no income to show for it. So be prudent in your choices. Don’t take on large projects until the person or company has proven that it will come through with pay on a smaller level.
Work from home online jobs in the writing field can even be quite varied. Some things you might do while writing on line are:
• Writing web articles for any of hundreds or even thousands of websites. Some of this work may prove extremely easy for you if it happens to be up your knowledge ability alley. Given the right subject some people can put together several articles in the course of a few hours. At other times as part of your work from home online job you might find yourself in uncharted waters and needing to do research before writing an authoritative article that will benefit others.
Doing this type of writing tends to be tedious; but, does provide constant work. Many times while researching to write the articles you will come across things of interest to you. In fact you maybe the one who gains the most intellectual benefit from such a work from home online job.
• Another popular form of writing in the work from home online job category is that of writing resumes. Unlike with articles you write for websites where your main objective is to inform people about a given subject and do so in an interesting manner, the preparation you put into providing a good professional resume may well make or break that person’s future. You cannot afford to get sloppy. If you are not good at putting together a resume, don’t make others pay for it with their future. Write something else instead.
• Yet another type of writing in a work from home online job could be that of helping a Masters or Doctoral Candidate write and edit their thesis or dissertation. Once again a very important job.
If you want to break down writing genres into how much each work from home online job pays, then here goes. The general writing of articles pays the least; but, provides the most opportunities. Preparing resumes pays considerably more. However, by far the most lucrative of these types of writing would be the latter working with editing a master’s thesis or doctoral dissertation. It is up to you to decide which best fits your skills.
About The Author
Craig Murdock is a work from home business expert. His views and ideas are published regularly on http://www.employment911.com/
Making Money from Websites, Jobs, Online
Making Money from Websites, Jobs, Online
by: Hala Amereh
Making Money online using your PC which is connected to the Internet at home by building a Website has never been easier. When you build a Website that has enough visitors, say 1000 visitors per day, you can make decent money from Affiliate programs and advertising agencies who advertise for their clients and look for publishers, ie Websites on the Internet.
Affiliate Programs (or Associates as some programs call them) make money by referring their site's visitors to the Affiliate program Website (e.g. amzon.com). Your site will be provided with a special ID and whenever a visitor of you site clicks on the affiliate ad, that ID is passed to the Affiliate program manager. Now, how you get paid differs from Affiliate to another.
Some Affiliates pay you when your visitors buy products from their sites, others, pay you for clicking on ads shown at your site.
This site will help you build your online business by showing you how and where to start this new invention in your life. We recommend assessing your own capabilities of building a Website, investigate buying one if your skills or more with marketing rather than technical.
We also explore with you the techniques of writing a professional CV to find the best paying job. The job interview secrets, typical questions and answers are also revealed. We help you with your body language when you go for a Job Interview up the level of describing the best handshake.
Building your wealth has many avenues. Your job savings should be invested in the right way.
The first way to accumulate wealth and become rich is to wipe your debt. Click here to find the simple way to invest your saving.
About The Author
Hala Amereh is financila advisor. She concluded a new website called http://www.money-from-website.com/ that summarises here experience in makting money the simple way.
Making Money from Websites, Jobs, Online
Making Money from Websites, Jobs, Online
by: Hala Amereh
Making Money online using your PC which is connected to the Internet at home by building a Website has never been easier. When you build a Website that has enough visitors, say 1000 visitors per day, you can make decent money from Affiliate programs and advertising agencies who advertise for their clients and look for publishers, ie Websites on the Internet.
Affiliate Programs (or Associates as some programs call them) make money by referring their site's visitors to the Affiliate program Website (e.g. amzon.com). Your site will be provided with a special ID and whenever a visitor of you site clicks on the affiliate ad, that ID is passed to the Affiliate program manager. Now, how you get paid differs from Affiliate to another.
Some Affiliates pay you when your visitors buy products from their sites, others, pay you for clicking on ads shown at your site.
This site will help you build your online business by showing you how and where to start this new invention in your life. We recommend assessing your own capabilities of building a Website, investigate buying one if your skills or more with marketing rather than technical.
We also explore with you the techniques of writing a professional CV to find the best paying job. The job interview secrets, typical questions and answers are also revealed. We help you with your body language when you go for a Job Interview up the level of describing the best handshake.
Building your wealth has many avenues. Your job savings should be invested in the right way.
The first way to accumulate wealth and become rich is to wipe your debt. Click here to find the simple way to invest your saving.
About The Author
Hala Amereh is financila advisor. She concluded a new website called http://www.money-from-website.com/ that summarises here experience in makting money the simple way.
Great Jobs Resulting From An Online It Degree
Great Jobs Resulting From An Online It Degree
by: Andy West
There are many great places to work in America, however many people feel constantly dragged down by the lack of job opportunities they feel exist. Actually, there are many jobs available for those with the right qualifications. Many times it is just a matter of deciding what you want to do, researching what it takes to obtain that position, and setting a plan into place to achieve that goal. This is a lot simpler task than most people make it out to be. There is no job in the world that can't be yours with the right training. In fact, most people can land a job by simply obtaining the proper qualifications, and having an optimistic attitude. The position probably won't just drop into your lap, and it will take hard work and diligent effort. While the attitude part is something you must come to on your own, training for a career will take some effort. Online degrees are becoming very popular and are something to consider. In fact, considering an online IT degree may be just the right fit for someone looking for advancement.
Having an online IT degree is something people once overlooked as a position for the computer whiz at a not so common computer based company. With computers now playing such an important role in day to day operations, the IT positions are extremely valuable within most organizations. As the technology gap is bridged between software applications, and the internet, more and more students are earning their online IT degree, and profiting from the experience. Counting all the major online programs can be a dubious task, but no matter what the other programs online have to offer, the online IT degree is still one of the most valuable degrees one can earn, and will help you become a more profitable individual in the process.
The reason that an online IT degree is a direct path to great jobs is that the certification allows you to do so much that many people simply aren't qualified to do. With this degree you will be able to work with computers and the internet in ways that most people can't. If a company wants a quality IT professional to help them with their needs, the market rate is somewhere in the fifty to sixty thousand dollar a year range. With your online IT degree you will be eligible for that salary. Many of those working at companies today find themselves among the top paid professionals in the company with their IT certifications fully utilized.
Making a lot of money, and having a great job certainly helps a person's life change for the better. Doing something you love is the single best way one can be happy. Most people surveyed in America simply do not enjoy what they do for a living, while those that have earned an online IT degree for the most part are very pleased with their job. This is because most people in these positions spend their days working with computers, and helping others adapt to new technology through troubleshooting. The bottom line is that having an online IT degree is one way to get a job that you might have once thought was impossible. You may find yourself to be one the highest paid employees in the company, and wake up most days ready for the challenges and looking forward to the workday ahead.
About The Author
Andy West is a freelance writer for Virginia College. Virginia College Online offers many Online IT Degree programs. Please visit Virginia College Online at http://www.vconline.edu/site/department.cfm?Department_ID=3 to select the online program that is right for you.
3 Tips For Finding Online Freelance Writing Jobs
3 Tips For Finding Online Freelance Writing Jobs
by: Allison Whitehead
There is big money in finding freelance writing jobs online. Whether you want to write for websites, or for magazines advertising for writers online, or other companies looking for people to write content for them, there is more work out there than you can shake a stick at.
If you can find it.
Knowing where to look is half the battle in finding work. Here are three top tips to help ensure you’re looking in the right places:
1 – Subscribe to as many free writing ezines as you can. If you search for the terms ‘freelance writing’, ‘article writing’, ‘online writing’ and so on, all manner of excellent websites will come up in the results. Many of these offer a regular newsletter, and the best ones have up to date job listings in every issue.
2 – Sites like Constant Content allow you to post numerous articles and blog entries for free. You only pay a percentage to them if an article sells. Write articles on as many different subjects as possible, write pieces tailored towards requests made by people wanting a specific type of content, and vary your prices to see what sells best. There is the potential to sell a lot of work at this site. I know – I’ve done it.
3 – Keep job bank sites that are tailored towards writing bookmarked, and check them every day for relevant jobs. Craigslist, Genuine Jobs and Online Writing Jobs all list writing positions and contracts on a wide variety of subjects. I regularly find a large number of leads at these three sites alone.
The key to successfully finding and selling your writing online lies in persistence, and in knowing where to look. The above leads will send you in the right direction, without any of the hunting around that I had to do in the beginning.
Write new content regularly and post it at Constant Content. Search the job listings on a daily basis. And when you find something you like the look of, apply right then and there. Competition can be fierce, and getting in at the beginning will give you an even better chance of success.
About The Author
Allison Whitehead has been a freelance writer for 17 years, selling hundreds of articles to both magazines and websites. To discover tips, advice and links on getting paid to write on the internet, visit this page now – http://www.squidoo.com/smoo_publishing
Wednesday, May 28, 2008
Use EASY Registry Cleaner
Use EASY Registry Cleaner
by: Walter Scholler
The main benefit of each registry cleaner is its simpleness or not. But not all of them can be called easy in use. These terms are often dismissed. Only that software can guarantee users simple usage which was created special for Internet majority population who often has no time to lean much about software. And this is the fact. All what a user should know about a "cleaner" is that how to scan and fix a PC and the Windows registry. Simple idea: pro soft - for professionals, intro - for home users. All is fair. Some characteristics below prove it.
Easy registry cleaner advantages and disadvantages
From home users:
* Good-looking interface
* Different gratifying to the eye "skins"
* Easy navigation
* Not numerous options
* Easy Help support
* Thoughtful FAQ (frequently asked questions) list
* Easily added plugins for additional scan operations
From professionals:
* Too much colors making program like for children
* Not a lot of functions
* Spoon-fed FAQ and Help support
* Needless "skins"
We can think out much more advantages and disadvantages but the final result - easy registry cleaner will be always better for home users only. I'm sure professionals will like them when they will have a hand in such "cleaner" construction. One way or the other such software should be created in future.
So, we can say that the features of easy registry cleaner allow users to fix and clean safely and easily. These two factors are the most important in case of home user's security and convenience. Professional registry cleaner, in its turn, does the same work but in different performance. But the final choice is user's who have to choose between convinience of easy registry cleaner and multifunctionality of pro registry which is just hidden in easy registry software in order do not make inconveniences for a user.
About The Author
Hi! I'm Walter Scholler and I develop registry cleaner software which finds, treats and destroys all dangerous threats covering Internet space. Main purpose of my company is to provide for home users and not only as much friendly interface and convenient navigation as possible. Company Official Site: http://www.fixiter.com/
Windows XP: Errors
Windows XP: Errors
by: Soli Katir
This information is recorded in the registry and needs to be cleaned with a windows registry cleaner regularly. If you upgrade it would be a very good choice: it would speed it up, but you should use the free tools windows have, such as disk cleanup, disk defragmenter, get a registry cleaner and use scandisk to fix errors that can cause slow boot time, just for the basics. But there is no way to rid the registry of this data except with the help of a windows registry cleaner.
These links and references need to be removed manually or with special software such as free Adware Spyware removal tools or Windows XP cleaner software. There are many registry cleaners such as the PC Mantra’s registry cleaner, the PC registry cleaner and the Windows XP registry cleaner that can spruce up your system and make it much more enjoyable to use. Registry Cleaners Are a Must Have Many registry cleaner software such as windows XP registry cleaner, windows free registry cleaner, PC registry cleaner and the like Scan the system registry and locate the obsolete information that is clogging and slowing down the system.
A good registry cleaner such as PC registry cleaner or Windows XP registry Cleaner will detect these links and remove them. The Law of Obligation also presents itself in the following situations: Taking a potential client out to dinner or to play golf, Offering free tire rotation or fluid fill-up between services, Someone washing your car windows at a stoplight whether you want them to or not, Generating money at "free" car washes by asking for a donation after the service is rendered, A carpet cleaner offering to clean your couch for free. A film-developing company thrived on the Law of Obligation. The investment in a good registry cleaner can do the most good for your computer, as it will allow you to concentrate on actually using your PC instead of spending time reinstalling windows in an attempt to eliminate errors and make your computer faster. It is in fact, advisable never to fool around with the Registry unless you have a trusted registry windows cleaner such as the PC registry cleaner or the Eusing free Registry cleaner which are available on many download sites free.
About The Author
Soli Katir http://www.solikatir.com/XP-Repair-Try-It-Absolutely-Free.html These websites will introduce you on how you can repair your XP, absolutely free!
Windows XP Cleaner Software
Windows XP Cleaner Software
by: Soli Katir
Use one multi-purpose cleaner for windows, mirrors and furniture to enable you to clean many rooms without needing to switch cleaners. There are many registry cleaners such as the PC Mantra’s registry cleaner, the PC registry cleaner and the Windows XP registry cleaner that can spruce up your system and make it much more enjoyable to use. But there is no way to rid the registry of this data except with the help of a windows registry cleaner.
Registry cleaner software not only scans and fixes Windows Registry, but also provides advanced diagnostics tools for locating serious computer problems before they happen. This information is recorded in the registry and needs to be cleaned with a windows registry cleaner regularly. Registry Cleaners Are a Must Have Many registry cleaner software such as windows XP registry cleaner, windows free registry cleaner, PC registry cleaner and the like Scan the system registry and locate the obsolete information that is clogging and slowing down the system.
Besides finding incorrect or obsolete information in the registry, most registry cleaner utilities provide backup or restore function, allowing users to backup the whole Windows Registry so that they can use the backup to restore the registry to the current status in case they encounter serious system failure. To repair the Windows registry errors all you need is an effective registry cleaner. The list of such programs builds up over time and we need a windows registry cleaner to clean the registry of these redundant files and programs.
The investment in a good registry cleaner can do the most good for your computer, as it will allow you to concentrate on actually using your PC instead of spending time reinstalling windows in an attempt to eliminate errors and make your computer faster. The Law of Obligation also presents itself in the following situations: Taking a potential client out to dinner or to play golf, Offering free tire rotation or fluid fill-up between services, Someone washing your car windows at a stoplight whether you want them to or not, Generating money at "free" car washes by asking for a donation after the service is rendered, A carpet cleaner offering to clean your couch for free. How can you apply the Law of Obligation to your industry?
About The Author
Soli Katir http://www.solikatir.com/XP-Repair-Try-It-Absolutely-Free.html These websites will introduce you on how you can repair your XP, absolutely free!
Tuesday, May 27, 2008
Search Engine Optimization
What Search Engine Optimization Services Do You Need?
by: Moe Tamani
Search engine optimization Services are a vital part of online marketing. As an Internet business owner, one of the most important things that you need to do is get people to surf through your site so that they see what you have to offer and, hopefully, buy your products or services. Since the most common way that Internet surfers use to look for the information on products or services is a search engine, then it is to your advantage to “convince” the search engine that your site is responsive to the needs of the searcher based on the keywords that he enters into it. To do this, you need to optimize your website, either by yourself or through a SEO Consultant who is equipped to provide your site with various search engine optimization services.
What search engine optimization services you will need will really depend on the needs of your website. There are several factors that you need to consider in determining your search engine optimization services requirements, including:
• Level of competition
If you are competing against a relatively small number of businesses, then your search engine optimization services requirements will not be so extensive. However, if your products or services are offered by hundreds of thousands of other Internet-based businesses, then you are going to have to avail of quite a number of search engine optimization services in order to rise above the crowd. This concept is nothing new; even in the brick-and-mortar world, the level of investment and intensity of advertising and promotions is dependent on how many businesses are competing in the marketplace.
• Keyword Popularity and Competition
Search engines operate on keywords, and search engine optimization services focus on these. Search engines utilize automated “spiderbots” that "crawl" through your site to get the keyword statistical data that is the main basis for evaluating its relevance viz. the said keywords. The higher the relevance of your website, the higher in the search engine’s list of keyword-responsive sites it will be. The intensity of search engine optimization services requirements will depend on the level of competition of that keywords that your website is aiming to rank for. For example, if your website is responsive to "book", your search engine optimization services needs will obviously be more extensive than if your website was responsive to the keyword "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious".
• Actual utility of your website
If your website is a single product or service website, you will need a lot of search engine optimization services in order to drive as much of your addressable market to your site. Statistically speaking, your relative success rate will more or less remain the same and it will probably be low so the trick is to make it up in volume. For example, if your success rate also known as conversion rate is 5% and only 100 visitors go to your site, then you will probably only get 5 customers. If your break even target is 100 customers, then you will have to convince 2,000 people to visit your site. If, on the other hand, your website offers a variety of products and services, your success rate will probably be higher, which means you need less visitors which, in turn, means your search engine optimization services needs will be less.
What kinds of search engine optimization services are available? There are several, actually, but the most common ones are:
• Homepage optimization
This is one of the most common search engine optimization services available. In this service, the text of your homepage is embedded with the keywords that your website is responsive to. What’s more, the HTML program itself is embedded with keywords in the meta-tag portion, or that area in the program that contains remarks and does not appear in the homepage itself. It is always good to optimize your homepage because this is mostly what the search engine "spiderbot" "sees" when crawling through your website.
• Link popularity analysis
One strategy to optimize your website is to get the links to your site embedded in popular websites so that when visitors go to that site, they also get to see the links to yours and, hopefully, click on them. You can accomplish this in two ways: buy ad space in the popular websites or offer to exchange link space. Either way, you will need to analyze the popularity of the candidate popular website by via link popularity analysis, which is one of the search engine optimization services that SEO firms or individuals offer.
• Website promotion tools
As mentioned earlier, you can promote your site via links to popular websites which, incidentally, rank high in the search engines. These strategies are part of an SEO firm’s website promotion tools and form part and parcel of the search engine optimization services they provide.
The list of search engine optimization services that SEO companies provide changes over time. Remember that your website is not the only one that undergoes optimization, and that there is absolutely only one position for each of the Top 50 ranking for each search engine. Your website may be number one today, but as your competition avails of better search engine optimization services, you may be dislodged tomorrow, so you will always need to search for even better search engine optimization services to regain the top position. SEO companies and individuals themselves will also need to find ways and means to offer better search engine optimization services so that they can continue to justify their existence.
In selecting an SEO consultant, be sure to look at its clients and see how popular they are. It’s the best way for you to find out if their search engine optimization services are effective and if they are constantly improving them.
About The Author
Moe Tamani Offers SEO Services and is an expert in organic Search Engine Optimization Services links
http://seo-1-marketing-services.com/
http://seo-1-marketing-services.com/organic-natural-search-engine-optimization.htm
